References

Confused about Sugar

1. Department of Health. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: HMSO, 1991. (Report on Health and Social Subjects; No. 41).

2. Department of Health. Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. London: HMSO, 1994. (Report on Health and Social Subjects; No. 46).

3. Thomas B (ed) and The British Dietetic Association (2001). Manual of Dietetic Practice. Third Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

3. Food Standards Agency guidance on Sugars
www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/nutritionessentials/fatssugarssalt/sugars/

4. Diabetes UK: Introduction to diabetes, public information
http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/What_is_diabetes/Myths/

5. World Health Organisation. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation, Geneva: WHO, 2003. (WHO Technical Report Series; No. 916). www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/download/en/index.html

Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84 (2): 274-88.

Avena NM, Long KL, Hoebel BG. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiol Behav. 2005; 84(3):359-62

Spangler R, Wittkowski KM, Goddard NL et al. Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004;124(2):134-42.

Rogers PJ, Smit, HJ. Food craving and food "addiction": a critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 66 (1): 3-14.

Drenowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA et al. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiol Behav. 1992; 51(2): 371-9.

Benton D, Donohoe RT. The effects of nutrients on mood. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2 (3A): 403-9.

Food Standards Agency guidance on Traffic Light Labelling
www.food.gov.uk/foodlabelling/signposting/

MAFF (1993). Food Portion Sizes. Second Edition London: HMSO.

Food Standards Agency (2002). McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 6th summary edition. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Supporting evidence

Professional consensus and clear research evidence base in most areas. More robust research is needed in areas relating to sugar and addiction and sugary drinks and weight control.